Workshop # 6

6C) the polar heads will bind to one another because of the charges on the head. so no liposomes form.

6D) ammount/time/area=units for permeability, the permeability is going to decreaces becasue the space between phospholipid decreases.

6E) The membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. the bilayer maintains its position by bonds with water, holds structure from integral member proteins

6F)The rate of production of RNA must be faster than the rate of the PL production so the daugheter cells will have enough RNA templates. Need more RNA Polymerase to have RNA template in daughter cell.

6G) The cell size will increase becasue water will come in and forms bonds w/ proteins and other molecules, so less water will the membrane, causing the cell to increase in size until it bursts. In order for a cell to not burst, it needs to have some way of regulating what flows in and out.

Workshop #5

Study workshop questions for the test--workshop questions can be on the test



translation: using mRNA to make protein

transcription: using RNA to make mRNA



template RNA needed for making proten

aminoacyl tRNA is needed for making protien


base pairing: A-U, G-C



replication error can occur and make a different amino acid chain



5 things needed for cell replication:

1. mRNA


2. aminoacyl tRNA


3. aminoacyl tRNA syntatase


4. tRNA


5. ribosome

Workshop #4

*High energy intermediates are needed to form polymers

- the amount of triphosphates limits the number added to the polymer

- a monophosphate can be used to start the chain, but then triphosphates must be used

*RNA polymerase = protein enzyme

- Adding RNA polymerase to a system containing an RNA sequence does not increase the rate of the reaction because there are no binding sites for the template

*Polynucleotides are built from 5’ to 3’

- a phosphodiester bond connects the nucleotides

- weak hydrogen bonds connect the base pairs (A,C,G,U)

*An enzyme that has binding sites for a template and for free nucleotides can rapidly generate copies of RNA

Workshop #3

*For any amino acid chain there are a really big number of different possible 3-D configurations.
(3-D configuration=conformation=tertiary structure)
*Out of these structures there will always be one that is the most efficient.
*Structure of Sucrose: http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Saccharose.svg
*sucrase = enzyme
*The function of a protein (including enzymes) depends upon its amino acid sequence.
*The most efficient reaction will have the highest Keq, which can be found through radio labeling and filtration.
*Solubility depends on a number of different things:
-polar vs. non-polar
-bond strength
-temperature
-size of molecule
-addition of other things (salts)
-change in pH (add H+ ions/OH- ions)